The best leaders use multiple frames to view common challenges and to solve their most difficult problems. A series of dialogues between a novice and a master teacher, and between a new and a seasoned principal demonstrate how framing—and then reframing—challenges brings clarity, helps to anticipate problems, and leads to more comprehensive and powerful leadership strategies. The four most commonly used frames are:
- The political frame—conflict and compromise are a constant source of renewal
- The human resource frame—sharing individual needs and motives nurtures a sense of ownership
- The structural frame—clear organizational standards and goals lead to greater productivity
- The symbolic frame—culture, rituals, and beliefs cultivate shared values and meanings